Coherence & Cohesion band 8+ — beyond firstly/secondly

Định nghĩa

• Coherence: ý chảy logic, người đọc theo được flow
• Cohesion: câu kết nối qua linguistic devices

Band 7: dùng đủ linking words (firstly, however, in conclusion). Band 8: dùng linking words thông minh + 4 devices khác.

4 cohesive devices ngoài linking words

1. Referencing (đại từ + this/that)

"Climate change is a global crisis. It affects every nation, and this issue demands collective action."

"It" và "this issue" tham chiếu "climate change" → không cần repeat từ.

Band 7 hay viết: "Climate change is a crisis. Climate change affects every nation. We must solve climate change." → repetitive, low band.

2. Substitution (thay thế noun bằng one/ones/do so)

"Some countries have implemented strict policies, while others have taken a more lenient approach."

"others" = some countries. "A more lenient approach" = different policy type. Variety.

3. Ellipsis (lược bỏ từ đã hiểu)

"Renewable energy is sustainable. Fossil fuels are not."

"Fossil fuels are not [sustainable]" — lược "sustainable". Clear from context.

4. Lexical chain (chuỗi từ liên quan)

"Education is fundamental. Schools shape students' minds. Teachers guide young learners. Curricula determine what knowledge is transmitted."

Education → schools → teachers → curricula → knowledge: all related, no repeat.

Linking words tier list

Tier C (overused, band 6)

firstly, secondly, finally, in conclusion, on the other hand, also, and, but